Prevalencia de baixa acuidade visual em escolares / Prevalence of visual disorders in school children

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil epidemiologico de disfuncao da acuidade visual (AV), possiveis disturbios oculares e a frequencia ao atendimento oftalmologico, de escolares do municipio de Itauna, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Posteriormente objetivou-se o encaminhamento ao especialista para correcao das anormalidades. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com populacao avaliada de 432 alunos da rede publica de ensino. Os individuos foram avaliados pelo metodo Snellen e a faixa etaria da amostra variou de 4 a 17 anos. Os dados foram colhidos e sistematizados. Foram encaminhados para o servico de Oftalmologia aqueles que possuiam AV ≤ 0,7 em pelo menos um dos olhos. Resultados: Dos 432 alunos avaliados neste estudo 14,5% apresentaram baixa AV, quando avaliados pelo teste de Snellen. Destes, 61,9 % pertenciam ao sexo feminino. A faixa etaria em que houve maior prevalencia de baixa visao foram escolares de 15 a 17 anos. A maioria apresentou alteracao em ambos os olhos e 60% dos alunos avaliados declararam nunca terem passado por uma consulta oftalmologica. Dos alunos que compareceram as consultas, a maioria foi diagnosticada com erros de refracao e necessitou de correcao otica. Conclusão: Os resultados encontrados demonstram que a parcela significativa dos individuos avaliados apresentou baixa visao e necessitou de encaminhamento oftalmologico. Alem disso, observou-se a inexistencia de consultas oftalmológicas anteriores em grande parte dos escolares. Esse fato reforca, diante dos orgaos publicos de saude, a necessidade de implantar sistemas de triagem visual nas escolas e oferecer assistencia a esses estudantes, objetivando melhorias em seu aprendizado e qualidade de vida.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the epidemiological profile of visual acuity (VA) dysfunction, the possible ocular disorders and the frequency of ophthalmologic care of school children from the city of Itaúna, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a population of 432 students in the public schools. The individuals were evaluated by the Snellen method and the sample age ranged from 4 to 17 years. Data were collected and systematized. Those who had VA ≤ 0.7 in at least one eye were referred to the ophthalmology service. Results: Of the 432 students evaluated in this study, 14.5% presented low VA, when evaluated by the Snellen test. Of these, 61.9% were female. The age group with the highest prevalence of low vision were schoolchildren aged 15 to 17 years. The majority presented alteration in both eyes and 60% of the evaluated students stated that they had never had an ophthalmological consultation. Of the students who attended the consultations, most were diagnosed with refractive errors and needed optical correction. Conclusion: The results showed that a significant portion of the individuals evaluated had low vision and required ophthalmologic referral. In addition, there was no previous ophthalmological consultation in most of the schoolchildren. This fact reinforces to public health agencies, the need to implement visual screening systems in schools and offer assistance to these students, with the aim of improvements in their learning and quality of life

Dissecção coronária espontânea / Spontaneous coronary dissection

Paciente do sexo feminino, de 36 anos de idade e sem fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular, foi atendida com quadro clínico de angina do peito. O eletrocardiograma demonstrava inversão de onda T em D2, D3 e aVF. A cineangiocoronariografia demonstrou imagem sugestiva de dissecção coronária espontânea no terço proximal de artéria coronária direita, comprometendo gravemente a luz e o fluxo arteriais. Avaliação adicional foi realizada com ultrassom intracoronário, que orientou o planejamento da intervenção coronária percutânea subsequente com stent e analisou o resultado final após o implante. A dissecção coronária espontânea é causa rara de síndrome coronária aguda e afeta principalmente mulheres jovens no período gestacional. Pouco se sabe sobre sua fisiopatologia. O prognóstico e o tratamento dependem da extensão da dissecção e da artéria comprometida.

A 36-year-old female, with no cardiovascular risk factors, was examined with angina pectoris. Electrocardiogram showed T wave inversion in D2, D3 and aVF surface leads. The patient was submitted to coronary angiography that showedan image suggestive of spontaneous coronary dissection on the proximal segment of the right coronary artery, severely compromising arterial lumen and flow. Additional evaluation included intravascular ultrasound, which guided the subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation and assessed the final result. Spontaneous coronary dissection is a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome and affects mainly young women in the gestational age. Little is known about its pathophysiology. Prognosis and treatment depend on the length of dissection and the compromised artery.

Clinical outcome of renal transplant patients after coronary stenting.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical outcome of renal transplant patients who developed coronary artery disease and were treated with coronary stenting (TCA-ST). METHODS: A total of 3,334 renal transplants were performed in our service--Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão--HRH (Kidney and Hypertension Hospital) from July, 1998 to November, 2004. During this period, 33 of the renal transplant patients underwent TCA-ST to treat 62 severe stenoses in 54 coronary arteries. A retrospective analysis was performed with renal transplant patients undergoing TCA-ST at HRH. The clinical events were registered using medical charts, medical visits and phone calls. RESULTS: During the 30-month clinical follow-up after TCA-ST, 67% of the patients remained asymptomatic, 18% presented stable angina, 6% presented acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation (ACSWSTE), and 3% presented acute coronary syndrome with ST-segment elevation (ACSSTE). No strokes, CHF or cardiac deaths were observed. Three non-cardiac deaths occurred. A restenosis rate of 9% was observed, which is comparable to those found in studies on drug-eluting stents. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, renal transplant patients who developed CAD and were treated with coronary stenting had a low rate of in-stent restenosis, probably related to the immunosuppressive regimen given to prevent kidney rejection.

Evolução clínica pós-stent coronariano em pacientes submetidos a transplante de rim / Clinical outcome of renal transplant patients after coronary stenting

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução clínica de pacientes submetidos a transplante de rim, portadores de doença arterial coronariana, que foram tratados com implante de stent coronariano (ATC-ST). MÉTODOS: Entre julho de 1998 e novembro de 2004, foram realizados, no total, 3.334 transplantes de rim em nossa Instituição (Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão). Desse total, 33 pacientes previamente submetidos a transplante de rim fizeram ATC-ST para o tratamento de 62 estenoses graves em 54 artérias coronárias, nos quais foi realizada análise retrospectiva. O registro dos eventos clínicos foi feito por meio de análise do prontuário médico, consulta médica e ligações telefônicas. RESULTADOS: No seguimento clínico de 30 meses, após a ATC-ST, observou-se que 67 por cento dos pacientes permaneceram assintomáticos, 18 por cento dos pacientes apresentaram quadro de angina estável, 6 por cento apresentaram síndrome coronariana aguda sem supra de ST e 3 por cento apresentaram síndrome coronariana aguda com supra de ST. Não houve pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva ou morte cardíaca. Houve três mortes não-cardíacas. Foi observado índice de reestenose de 9 por cento, que é comparável ao dos estudos de stent farmacológico. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que pacientes submetidos a transplante de rim que desenvolveram doença arterial coronariana e que foram tratados com stent coronariano tiveram baixo porcentual de reestenose clínica, provavelmente relacionado ao regime de imunossupressão administrado para evitar rejeição renal.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical outcome of renal transplant patients who developed coronary artery disease and were treated with coronary stenting (TCA-ST). METHODS: A total of 3,334 renal transplants were performed in our service - Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão - HRH (Kidney and Hypertension Hospital) from July, 1998 to November, 2004. During this period, 33 of the renal transplant patients underwent TCA-ST to treat 62 severe stenoses in 54 coronary arteries. A retrospective analysis was performed with renal transplant patients undergoing TCA-ST at HRH. The clinical events were registered using medical charts, medical visits and phone calls. RESULTS: During the 30-month clinical follow-up after TCA-ST, 67 percent of the patients remained asymptomatic, 18 percent presented stable angina, 6 percent presented acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation (ACSWSTE), and 3 percent presented acute coronary syndrome with ST-segment elevation (ACSSTE). No strokes, CHF or cardiac deaths were observed. Three non-cardiac deaths occurred. A restenosis rate of 9 percent was observed, which is comparable to those found in studies on drug-eluting stents. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, renal transplant patients who developed CAD and were treated with coronary stenting had a low rate of in-stent restenosis, probably related to the immunosuppressive regimen given to prevent kidney rejection.

Evolução clínica pós-stent coronário em pacientes submetidos a transplante de rim / Clinical outcome of renal transplant patients after coronary stenting

Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução clínica de pacientes submetidos a transplante de rim, portadores de doença arterial coronariana, que foram tratados com implante de stent coronariano (ATC-ST). Método: Entre julho de 1998 e novembro de 2004, foram realizados, no total, 3.334 transplantes de rim em nossa instituição (Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão - HRH). Desse total, 33 pacientes previamente submetidos a transplante de rim fizeram ATC-ST para tratamento de 62 estenoses graves em 54 artérias coronárias, nos quais foi realizada análise retrospectiva. O registro dos eventos clínicos foi feito por meio de análise do prontuário médico, consulta médica e ligações telefônicas. Resultados: No seguimento clínico de 30 meses, após a ATC-ST, observouse que 64% dos pacientes permaneceram assintomáticos, 18% dos pacientes apresentaram quadro de angina estável, 6% apresentaram síndrome coronariana aguda sem supra de ST e 3% apresentaram síndrome coronariana aguda com supra de ST. Houve três (9%) mortes não cardíacas. Não houve pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva ou morte cardíaca. Foi observado índice de reestenose de 9%, o qual é comparável aos estudos de stent farmacológico. Conclusão: Concluímos que pacientes submetidos a transplante de rim, que desenvolveram doença arterial coronariana e que foram tratados com stent coronário, tiveram baixo porcentual de reestenose clínica, provavelmente relacionado ao regime de imunossupressão administrado para evitar a rejeição renal.

Objective: To assess the clinical outcome of renal transplant patients who developed coronary artery disease and were treated with coronary stenting (TCA-ST). Method: A total of 3.334 renal transplants were performed in our service-Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão-HRH (Kidney and Hypertension Hospital) from July,1998 to November, 2004. During this period, 33 of the renal transplant patients underwent TCA-ST to treat 62 severe stenoses treated in 54 coronary arteries. A retrospective analysis was performed with renal transplant patients undergoing TCA-ST at HRH. The clinical events were registered using medical charts, medical visits and phone calls. Results: During the 30 months clinical follow-up after TCA-ST, 64% of the patients remained asymptomatic, 18% presented stable angina, 6% presented acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation (ACSWSTE) and 3% presented acute coronary syndrome with ST-segment elevation (ACSSTE). Three (9%) noncardiac deaths occurred. No strokes, CHF or cardiac deaths were observed. A restenosis rate of 9% was observed, which is comparable to those found in studies on drug-eluting stents. Conclusion: In conclusion, renal transplant patients who developed coronary artery disease and were treated withcoronary stenting had a low rate of in-stent restenosis, probably related to the immunosuppressive regimen given to prevent kidney rejection.